Soap Box Moment

One of the quirks of being an animal flight specialist is that there are not many of us.  If you consider those that focus on fossil taxa, there are even fewer.  If I focused my publications to communicate only to other members of my field, I'd be talking to about 12 people, tops.  I might as well just send postcards.

But, as it turns out, there are thousands (if not millions) of people out there that find information on animal flight fascinating or even practical (see: robotics and aeronautics engineers).  So, I have a large, but dispersed and eclectic audience out there to reach.  How on Earth can I get to them all?

Easy: Open Access Publishing. 

Many of you already know that I'm rather firmly in the OA camp.  I admit that I have not done my part to promote OA in the same way as individuals like Andy Farke, Matt Wedel, and Mike Taylor (hats off to you guys!) but I at least favor OA journals like PLoS ONE for my publishing needs and give a nudge here or there when I can.

On that note, there is a great article out by Michael Eisen here that gets right to the core of the wimpish way that universities have dealt with a growing problem.  I would point out, as well, that while the academic institutions are the largest offenders in this case, other businesses have also fueled the fire (see: biomed engineering companies, etc).

Read and enjoy.

Bounding Bats

There is a wicked paper out in PLoS ONE on how bats can actually use their uropatagia and tails to get a little extra lift during slow flight and launch.  The paper is freely available (like all PLoS papers) here.

Adams et al. (2012) show some really neat dynamics for the uropatagium and tail in bats.  They also just get some great shots of bat launch in fringed myotis.  What's particularly interesting here is that previous work on ground launch in bats has focused on the species with the most powerful takeoffs: vampire bats and New Zealand short tailed bats.  Those models have been very informative, and I have studied the experimental data on vampire bats (Desmodus) extensively in my reconstructions of pterosaur launch.  However, most bats are not built like vampires.  The genus Myotis is a large group of rather "typical" bats: while the genus is hardly uniform, it is essentially comprised of small, insectivorous species that rarely come to the ground.

On the whole, the launch in Myotis works about the same as in Desmodus, but I do note one really neat difference: if you take a look at the figure I've pasted here from Adams et al. (2012), you'll note that in the first panel (bottom) the bat is pushing off at the wrist followed by the wing fingers.  It's actually unfurling the wing part of the way early on (instead of late, as in Desmodus) and letting the highly compliant fingers in the wing bend to produce a pushing surface.  That's not just bending at a joint, mind you, that's the actual bone that's flexing.  Spectacular stuff.

This is not the first time that bat tails have been implicated in flight control.  Another paper, also in PLoS ONE predicted the role of the tail in flight control previously (Gardiner et al., 2011).  It's a nice little theoretical paper and it is neat that a theory-based work and an experimental one on the same bit of morphology hit in back-to-back years.

If you want to check out what the vampire version of bat launch, you can turn your cursors here for the manuscript in the Journal of Experimental Biology (Schutt et al., 1997).  You can also check out a video of a vampire bat running here.


References
Adams RA , Snode ER , Shaw JB (2012) Flapping Tail Membrane in Bats Produces Potentially Important Thrust during Horizontal Takeoffs and Very Slow Flight. PLoS ONE 7(2): e32074. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032074

Gardiner JD, Dimitriadis G, Codd JR, Nudds RL (2011) A Potential Role for Bat Tail Membranes in Flight Control. PLoS ONE 6(3): e18214. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018214

Schutt, W. A. Jr., Altenbach, J. S., Young, H. C., Cullinane, D. M., Hermanson, J. W., Muradli, F., and Bertram, J. E. A. 1997. The dynamics of flight-initiating jumps in the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 200, 3003-3012.

PhyloPic

You don't know about PhyloPic?  Shame on you.  PhyloPic is an open database of life form silhouettes, and includes plenty of flying creatures, both living and fossil.  The fantastic silhouette of Archaeopteryx that current graces the header of the Aero Evo page comes from PhyloPic, and was rendered by the site's creator, T. Michael Keesey.  The equally impressive Tupandactylus imperator is by Evan Boucher, and the fantastic little Drosophila (obviously not to scale) is by Ramiro Morales-Hojas.  Check out their work on PhyloPic. All three of those vector images are freely available.  There are hundreds more on the site.

Go check it out using the link above or clicking here.