A recent paper by Dickerson et al. in PNAS explains how mosquitoes are able to fly effectively in rainy conditions (remember: many of them hail from humid tropics), even though a single raindrop by weigh 50x what a mosquito weighs. If you cannot access the full paper, feel free to read this summary on BBC (complete with video).
Essentially the answer comes down to poor momentum transfer by water droplets to the flying mosquitoes. The insects have a hydrophobic surface, and most rain drops only score glancing blows, so the water slides off quickly before it can affect the flight path a great deal. Even direct hits only drop the mosquitoes a short distance, because very little of the momentum actually transfers to the ultralight mosquito - the water basically briefly engulfs them and then continues on its way. The expanded surface area for wetting on the wings produced by the fringed hair margin mosquitoes possess further improves their ability to shrug off water strikes.
This manuscript answers one intriguing question, but raises some new interesting questions about aerial stability in small insects and body shape effects during flight in adverse conditions.
It even inspired a comic strip.
Showing posts with label Mosquitoes. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Mosquitoes. Show all posts
Friday, June 29, 2012
Monday, April 9, 2012
Insect Flight and Human Health
Many of the practical applications of understanding animal flight relate to areas like robotics and aeronautics. However, there are implications for human health, as well. Since flying animals experience intense skeletal loads and have rather strict muscle output requirements, many of them (particularly vertebrate flyers) make good models for understanding the limits of biological tissues, which in turn can play a role in future breakthroughs for biomaterials, tissue engineering, and the like.
However, there is a more direct link with human health, as well: many of the world's most serious diseases are carried by flying insects. Parasite life cycles can be quite complex, and many of them include more than one host. It is common for one of these hosts to be a smaller, more mobile organism, and that is often an insect. The more mobile host is typically called the vector, though in truth the definition of a disease vector is more specific than that.
The conditions under which vectors are the most mobile will therefore often be the conditions under which disease spreads most quickly. As it turns out, insect flight is rather sensitive to atmospheric conditions, on account of insect muscle and respiratory physiology, as well as their typically size range. Many insects, such as mosquitos, sit in a size range where changes in atmospheric density or temperature can change flight performance quite abruptly. At left is a wonderful photograph of an Aedes triseriatus eastern treehole mosquito taking a blood meal, by Alexander Wild. To see more of Alex's spectacular photography (and trust me, he has stuff you've never seen before, guaranteed) go to http://www.alexanderwild.com/
The limits on vector performance may getting more relevant in some locations. For example, in Hawaii, avian malaria has decimated many of the endemic bird populations. Many (if not most) of the lowland species present before European habitation of the islands are now extinct, or nearly so. However, the highlands have been protected from this effect in the past because they were cool enough to keep the malarial loads inside the mosquitoes low, and also because the cooler air and lower oxygen density inhibited the malaria-carrying mosquitos (different mosquito species take over at high altitudes). Unfortunately, Freed et al. discovered a about six years back that more mild high altitude temperatures were allowing malaria to spread up the mountains. They attribute this mostly to malarial loads within mosquitos, but it is likely that flight performance of the mosquitoes themselves is also improving at higher altitudes. The Freed et al. study can be found here.
Avian malaria has been used as a model for understanding human malaria for decades (in fact, two of the Nobel Prizes for malaria research were given for discoveries in avian malaria). It is reasonable to suspect that human health will also be influenced by the impacts of climatic changes on vector mobility. In the coming weeks, I will post more examples of how insect flight performance is critical to human health and economies - both for better and for worse.
References
Freed LA, Cann RL, Goff ML, Kuntz WA, Bodner GR. 2005. Increase in avian malaria at upper evelvation in Hawai'i. The Condor 107: 753–764
However, there is a more direct link with human health, as well: many of the world's most serious diseases are carried by flying insects. Parasite life cycles can be quite complex, and many of them include more than one host. It is common for one of these hosts to be a smaller, more mobile organism, and that is often an insect. The more mobile host is typically called the vector, though in truth the definition of a disease vector is more specific than that.The conditions under which vectors are the most mobile will therefore often be the conditions under which disease spreads most quickly. As it turns out, insect flight is rather sensitive to atmospheric conditions, on account of insect muscle and respiratory physiology, as well as their typically size range. Many insects, such as mosquitos, sit in a size range where changes in atmospheric density or temperature can change flight performance quite abruptly. At left is a wonderful photograph of an Aedes triseriatus eastern treehole mosquito taking a blood meal, by Alexander Wild. To see more of Alex's spectacular photography (and trust me, he has stuff you've never seen before, guaranteed) go to http://www.alexanderwild.com/
The limits on vector performance may getting more relevant in some locations. For example, in Hawaii, avian malaria has decimated many of the endemic bird populations. Many (if not most) of the lowland species present before European habitation of the islands are now extinct, or nearly so. However, the highlands have been protected from this effect in the past because they were cool enough to keep the malarial loads inside the mosquitoes low, and also because the cooler air and lower oxygen density inhibited the malaria-carrying mosquitos (different mosquito species take over at high altitudes). Unfortunately, Freed et al. discovered a about six years back that more mild high altitude temperatures were allowing malaria to spread up the mountains. They attribute this mostly to malarial loads within mosquitos, but it is likely that flight performance of the mosquitoes themselves is also improving at higher altitudes. The Freed et al. study can be found here.
Avian malaria has been used as a model for understanding human malaria for decades (in fact, two of the Nobel Prizes for malaria research were given for discoveries in avian malaria). It is reasonable to suspect that human health will also be influenced by the impacts of climatic changes on vector mobility. In the coming weeks, I will post more examples of how insect flight performance is critical to human health and economies - both for better and for worse.
References
Freed LA, Cann RL, Goff ML, Kuntz WA, Bodner GR. 2005. Increase in avian malaria at upper evelvation in Hawai'i. The Condor 107: 753–764
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